Natural Logarithm
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Neper
Like the decibel, the neper is a unit in a logarithmic scale. While the bel uses the decadic (base-10) logarithm to compute ratios, the neper uses the natural logarithm.
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Euler’s Formula
where \(e\) is the Euler’s number (the base of natural logarithms) and \(j\) is the imaginary unit.