Passive sign convention is satisfied when the current enters through the positive terminal of an element and \(p = +vi\) (absorbing power). If the current enters through the negative terminal, \(p = -vi\) (supplying power).
Passive Sign Convention
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Inductors
If current is allowed to pass through an inductor, it is found that the voltage across the inductor is directly proportional to the time rate of change of the current. Using the passive sign convention,
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Capacitors
According to the passive sign convention, if \(v \cdot i > 0\), the capacitor is being charged, and if \(v \cdot i < 0\), the capacitor is discharging.