A negative feedback is achieved when the output is fed back to the inverting terminal of the op amp, the ratio of the output voltage to the input voltage is called the closed-loop gain. As a result of the negative feedback, it can be shown that the closed-loop gain is almost insensitive to the open-loop gain \(A\) of the op amp. For this reason, op amps are used in circuits with feedback paths.
Closed-loop voltage gain \(A_v\)
Closed-loop voltage gain \(A_v\)
Closed-loop voltage gain \(A_v\)
In practice, the op amp integrator requires a feedback resistor to reduce DC gain and prevent saturation. Care must be taken that the op amp operates within the linear range so that it does not saturate.
When negative feedback is added to an op amp, the input terminals become identical. Meaning, whatever is the voltage present in the non-inverting input is also present in the inverting input.